This study aimed to explore reliability, validity and standardization the Comparative Feeling of Inferiority Index (CFII; Strano & Dixon, 1990) among junior students of Karaj. 641 Iranian junior students in grade 1, 2, and 3 participated in the study (328 girls and 313 boys) completing the CFII, resulted in omitting 3 items due to low correlation and factor loadings. Cronbachʼ s alpha for the remaining 27 items for Self-Rating Scale and Family-Rating Scale were 0. 799 and 0. 751 and test-retest reliability of both scales were 0. 845 and 0. 707 respectively. Results of explanatory factor analysis showed that the Self-Rating Scale include four factors (1. goals and standards, 2. negative psycho-physical, 3. social and 4. positive psycho-physical) and the Family-Rating Scale include three factors (1. positive psycho-physical, 2. negative psycho-physical and 3. social). The extracted factors confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. A correlation (rS=-0. 440, rF=-0. 405, P<0. 01) between Self/Family Rating Scale and the Self-Esteem (Coopersmith, 1967) and (rS=0. 326, P<0. 01; rF=0. 221, P<0. 05) Rogers Self-Concept Test supported the divergent validity.

Inferiority Feeling of two groups of outpatients with social phobia (16 females, 16 males, mean age=31 years) and obsessive compulsive disorder (20 female, 16 males, mean age=38 years) were compared to Inferiority Feelings of a non-clinical group (20 females, 20 males, mean age=38 years). In order to do the comparison, all three groups were administered the Inferiority Scale (Yao et al, 1997). Results showed that the scores of Inferiority were higher in social phobia and OCD patients than in the nonclinical group. There was no significant difference between the Inferiority Feeling of social phobic and the OCD patients.

Background: Inferiority Feeling leads to the negative reactions such as depression and anxiety among community youth, social exclusion also forms their negative emotions due to the alienation of social relations. We aimed to explore the effect of social exclusion on the Inferiority Feeling of community youth. Methods: In December 2021, a total of 681 community youth from Wuhan in China were selected as the research object. They were evaluated using a social exclusion scale, Inferiority scale, and rumination scale, respectively. The mediating effect of rumination on the relationship between social exclusion and Inferiority of community youth was tested by using structural equation model and bootstrap test. Results: The scores of social exclusion, Inferiority complex, and rumination were positively correlated (P<0. 05). The mediation effect test showed that the mediation hypothesis model had a relatively good fitting index. Social exclusion was a positive predictor of rumination, and rumination was a positive predictor of Inferiority. Ruminant thinking had a significant partial mediating effect in the relationship between social exclusion and Inferiority Feeling, the indirect effect was 0. 078, the direct effect was 0. 04, the total effect was 0. 118, and the ratio of direct effect to indirect effect was approximately 1: 2. Therefore, social exclusion exerted the influence on Inferiority through rumination. Conclusion: Social exclusion positively affects the Inferiority Feeling of community youth through the mediating effect of rumination thinking. The health prevention of community youth’, s Inferiority Feeling should not only prevent the negative impact of social exclusion but also strengthen the cultivation of rumination thinking.

Background and Aim: Cosmetic surgery is performed for improvement of psycho-social function in absence physical cues. This multidimensional concept depends on many factors such as beliefs about appearance and Inferiority Feeling. The purpose of this study was to compare two factors of beliefs about appearance and Inferiority Feeling in volunteer and nonvolunteer individuals for cosmetic surgery, investigation of the relationship between these factors, and evaluations of the predictors for seeking cosmetic surgery among the participants.Methods: In this case-control research, 50 individuals who were seeking cosmetic surgery and were admitted at cosmetic clinics in Tabriz and 50 individuals who were not seeking cosmetic surgery were asked participate.Results: The participants were enrolled to the study using available sampling mehods. There were differences between beliefs about appearance and Inferiority Feeling in those sought and those did not seek cosmetic surgery. Those who sought cosmetic surgery achieved higher scores in both factors in comparison with those did not seek those procedures. It also became clear that there was a relationship between beliefs about appearance and Inferiority Feeling of volunteers of the cosmetic surgery: the higher were the individuals scores in beliefs about appearance, the higher was the Inferiority Feeling. From another perspective, it was observed that the two factors of marital status and Inferiority Feeling were strong predictors for tendency to the cosmetic surgery.Conclusion: Motivation for the cosmetic surgery has its roots in a combination of cognitional, personal, and interpersonal factors; therefore, psychological counseling is advised before cosmetic surgery.

Background and aim: Nowadays, infertility and attitudes toward it, cause issues like depression, helplessness and anxiety. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between general health with happiness, Inferiority Feeling, and marital conflict in infertile women.Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 100 infertile women selected by convenience sampling. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the oxford happiness scale, Inferiority Feeling and Kansas Marital Conflict Scale (KMCS) were used as data gathering tools. The Validity of the questionnaires were determined by the content and face validity. The reliability of the questionnaires was determined using the internal consistency method. The calculated Cronbach’s alpha for general health questionnaire, happiness, Inferiority Feeling and the marital conflicts scale were 88%, 93%, 76%, and 95% respectively. Data was analyzed using SPSS-16 software by a Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression.Results: 100 infertile women 18 - 43 years old with an average age of 29.3 were studied.55% of women had moderate levels of economic conditions and only 6% of them were referred to a psychologist or psychiatrist. The general health of the women with a minimum of 32 and maximum of 87 and a mean (56.14) was at moderate level. The results showed that there were significant relationship between general health, happiness and Inferiority Feeling (p<0.01), while there was no significant relationship between marital conflict and general health. Regression analysis showed that happiness and Inferiority Feeling with respect to the beta coefficient (-0.56, 0.21) can vary significantly predict their general health.Conclusion: General health of infertile women could be affected by the happiness and Inferiority Feeling. According to the results, it seems that professional assistance from psychologists and clinical psychiatrists is useful in helping infertile patients to cope better with problems caused by infertility.

Objective: Stuttering is a disorder that affects speech or speech fluency. Stuttering begins in childhood and negatively affects a person's social relationships and self-esteem. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the interventional effect of puppet play therapy on the Inferiority of students with stuttering in Sari. Method: This is a quasi-experimental research with a single-subject design structure using a multi-step baseline design. The sample group was selected by convenience sampling method. The subjects included three boys and one girl who used to stutter with a Feeling of Inferiority. The tool for measuring the improvement (or reduction) of Feeling inferior was the Feeling of Inferiority Questionnaire. The questionnaire was completed by the subjects in three stages of baseline, intervention and follow-up. To analyze the data, visual review of graphs (ups and downs of the dependent variable), indicators of recovery percentage, reduction percentage of scores, variability and effect size were used. Results: Visual review, charts, trend change indicators, gradient, and effect size indicated a decrease in the stuttering students' Inferiority. Conclusion: Puppet play therapy intervention can be effective in reducing the Feeling of Inferiority of students who have stuttering and can be used as an effective and desirable strategy in this field.

Purpose: The present study aims at investigating the effectiveness of schema therapy on the Feelings of Inferiority in the adolescent girls of divorced families.Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with the pretest-posttest design. The statistical population included all the female adolescents of the divorced families of Kermanshah with the age range of 15 to 18 years old who had enrolled in the second level of the high school during 2015-2016. Therefore, using multistage cluster sampling method, 18 students from the divorced families were randomly selected and divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in eight sessions of schema therapy, while the control group received no training. The applied instrument was the Feeling of Inferiority questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance.Findings: The results showed that there are significant differences between the two groups in terms of Feelings of Inferiority, while the average was lower for the experimental group. The results of this study indicated the effectiveness of schema therapy on the Feeling of Inferiority among adolescent girls of the divorced families.

Background: Marital infidelity damages marriage and increases the tensions between couples. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of group narrative therapy on Feeling of Inferiority and attachment styles in married women experienced marital infidelity. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest/posttest design using a control group. The study population consists of all women experienced marital infidelity referred to Peidayesh Counseling Center in Mashhad, Iran. Of these, 40 eligible women were selected using a convenience sampling method and assigned into intervention (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. Data collection tools were Hazan and Shaver (1986)’, s Adult Attachment Questionnaire and Eysenck (1988)’, s Inferiority Questionnaire. Group narrative therapy was performed in the intervention group at 7 sessions while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was performed by univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS software, v. 22. Results: Group narrative therapy had significant effects on Feeling of Inferiority and all three secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles (P=0. 001). Conclusion: Group narrative therapy can reduce Feelings of Inferiority and avoidant and ambivalent attachments and increase secure attachment in women experienced marital infidelity. This method can be used to improve psychological problems of these women.

Background: The effect of cosmetic surgery has always had doubts. In particular, these doubts are interpreted in the psychological field. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cosmetic surgery on the Feeling of Inferiority, social identity, and psychological health of cosmetic surgery applicant. Methods: The research method is pre-experimental (preliminary experiment) with a pre-test-post-test design with a six-month follow-up for one group. The statistical population of the study includes all patients referred to Pars clinic surgery center in Sari in 2020. The research population and by sampling method available to 15 of those who met the inclusion criteria and obtained the quorum from the research questionnaires as a sample of selection were. To collect information, the Inferiority scale of Yao et al, the social identity questionnaire (SIQ) of Imani, and the psychological health questionnaire (PHQ) of Goldberg and Hillier were used. To analyze the research data, repeated measures analysis of variance with SPSS 18 software was used. Results: The results showed that cosmetic surgery affected the cognitive and social factors of cosmetic surgery applicants (Pvalue≤ 0. 01). It has the greatest effect on psychological health, social identity, and Inferiority, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study show that cosmetic surgery can have a significant effect on reducing Feelings of Inferiority and social identity and greater psychological health, which as a treatment method is effective on psychological factors.

Psychology and its application in life today are of great importance. This science has long been interconnected with other sciences, including literature. In this kind of interdisciplinary research, writers' works are analyzed from different aspects of psychology. In this essay, borrowing from the Austrian psychologist Adler's personality theory, we have been focusing on humiliating humor in the characters of the two works of Mahdi Rajabi, a well-known and creative author of the child and teenagers, the THE GIANT FROM THE TIN CAN and the THE MISING UNATARA. The environment (home / school) is known to be a major cause of Feelings of humiliation in children and adolescents. In this research, the effects of the home environment on the formation of a sense of humiliation in a person such as parent depression, loss of life, poor and inadequate supervisor, and the effects of the school environment on the formation of a sense of humiliation in a person such as physical harassment, attribution of bad attributes by students and blame for coaches, The characters have been reviewed. This research has been investigated with a qualitative content analysis approach and the related sentences and meanings have been conducted in accordance with the Adler theory of deductive analysis. The results showed that the role and influence of the school environment on the impact of the home environment on the sense of humility in the narratives of Rajabi is greater. in these two works, the causes of a sense of humility both in the impact of the home environment and on the impact of the school environment were observed in the THE GIANT, more than the lost Unauthorized book. The influence of the home environment and school environment on creating a sense of humility in Tuka, the main character.